|
GEORGE was the name given to a series of operating systems released by International Computers and Tabulators (ICT) in the 1960s, for the ICT 1900 series of computers. These included GEORGE 1, GEORGE 2, GEORGE 3, and GEORGE 4. Initially the 1900 series machines, like the Ferranti-Packard 6000 on which they were based, ran a simple operating system known as ''executive'' which allowed the system operator to load and run programs from a Teletype Model 33 ASR based system console. In December 1964 ICT set up an Operating Systems Branch to develop a new operating system for the 1906/7. The branch was initially staffed with people being released by the end of work on the OMP operating system for the Ferranti Orion. The initial design of the new system, named George after George E. Felton head of the Basic Programming Division, was based on ideas from the Orion and the spooling system of the Atlas computer. (In public it was claimed that George stood for GEneral ORGanisational Environment, but contemporary sources say that was a backronym). In July 1965 a team from ICT was present at a seminar at NPL describing the CTSS operating system developed for MIT's Project MAC. They decided that the ICT would need to provide multi-access facilities, known to ICT as MOP, "Multiple Online Processing". In November 1965 H. P. Goodman, head of the Operating Systems Branch attended the Fall Joint Computer Conference in Las Vegas where plans for Multics were initially described.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 Multics Technical Papers online )〕 Some of the Multics features discussed influenced future development of George, notably the tree structured filestore. Towards the end of 1965 ICT marketing requested that a simpler operating system be made available quickly, especially for the smaller members of the range. It was decided that two smaller systems, known as George 1 and George 2 be released rapidly, and the larger operating system was renamed George 3. == GEORGE 1 & 2 == George 1 was a simple batch processing system, ''Job descriptions'' were read from cards or paper tape which controlled the loading and running of programs, either loaded from cards or paper tape or magnetic tape. The job control language allowed definition of the peripherals and files to be used and handling of exception conditions. The job description would be checked for errors before the job was run. George used the ''trusted program'' facilities provided by executive to run the user programs. George 2 added the concept of ''off line'' peripheral handling (spooling). Several different modules, running in parallel, allowed overlapping of input, processing and output operations: *Jobs were read from cards or paper tape to temporary files on magnetic disk or tape by an input module. *A central module executed the user programs, taking input from the temporary input files and writing program output to temporary files. *An output module wrote the temporary output files to physical printers and punches. *A module was also available for entering jobs from remote job entry stations, the output of the job could be printed on the remote printer. If the installation was large enough multiple copies of the central module could be run, allowing multiple jobs to be processed in parallel. The George 2 job control language allowed use of stored ''macros'' with conditional facilities. George 2 provided no file system, the system and user programs relied on the facilities provided by ''executive''. Files on disk were accessed by unique 12 character names and no security other than a "do not erase" bit was provided. MINIMOP could be run simultaneously with GEORGE 2 on the same machine, to provide on-line time-sharing facilities. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「GEORGE (operating system)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|